Impact resistant material

ABSTRACT

A method of making a tile, the method comprising: providing a plurality of nano-particles, wherein the plurality of nano-particles comprises a plurality of ceramic nano-particles; and performing a spark plasma sintering (SPS) process on the plurality of nano-particles, thereby forming a tile comprising the plurality of nano-particles, wherein the nano-structure of the nano-particles is present in the formed tile. In some embodiments, the tile is bonded to a ductile backing material.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/284,329, filed Dec. 15, 2009 and entitled “MATERIALS PROCESSING,” which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety as if set forth herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the field of composite materials. More specifically, the present invention relates to the formation of composite materials using a novel ceramic tile.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

While composite materials have a variety of different applications, all of which are within the scope of the present invention, they may be particularly useful in the production of body armor, such as bullet-proof vests.

Currently, body armor is formed by bonding two types of armor together. A meltable plate is bonded to a hard plate via melting in an autoclave. However, the resulting armor is limited in both its hardness and its ductility.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

While the present invention is particularly useful in forming body armor, it is contemplated that it may have a variety of other applications as well, all of which are within the scope of the present invention.

In one aspect of the present invention, a method of making a tile is provided. The method comprises providing a plurality of nano-particles. The plurality of nano particles comprises a plurality of ceramic nano-particles. A spark plasma sintering (SPS) process is performed on the plurality of nano-particles, thereby forming a tile comprising the plurality of nano-particles. The nano-structure of the nano-particles is present in the formed tile.

In some embodiments, the plurality of ceramic nano-particles comprises boron carbide nano-particles.

In some embodiments, the plurality of nano-particles comprises a plurality of metallic nano-particles. In some embodiments, the plurality of metallic nano particles comprises at least one of copper, tantalum, titanium, molybdenum, and aluminum nano-particles.

In some embodiments, the step of providing the plurality of nano-particles comprises applying a plasma stream to a precursor powder, thereby vaporizing the precursor powder, and condensing the vaporized powder, thereby forming the plurality of nano-particles.

In another aspect of the present invention, a method of making a composite material is provided. The method comprises providing a plurality of nano-particles. The plurality of nano-particles comprises a plurality of ceramic nano-particles. A spark plasma sintering (SPS) process is performed on the plurality of nano-particles, thereby forming a tile comprising the plurality of nano-particles. The nano-structure of the nano-particles is present in the formed tile. The tile is then bonded to a ductile backing material.

In some embodiments, the plurality of ceramic nano-particles comprises boron carbide nano-particles.

In some embodiments, the plurality of nano-particles comprises a plurality of metallic nano-particles. In some embodiments, the plurality of metallic nano-particles comprises at least one of copper, tantalum, titanium, molybdenum, and aluminum nano-particles.

In some embodiments, the step of providing the plurality of particles comprises applying a plasma stream to a precursor powder, thereby vaporizing the precursor powder, and condensing the vaporized powder, thereby forming the plurality of nano-particles.

In some embodiments, the ductile backing material comprises a plurality of fibers. In some embodiments, the ductile backing material comprises a plurality of polyethylene fibers.

In some embodiments, the tile is bonded to the ductile backing material using an autoclave process.

In some embodiments, the tile is bonded to the ductile backing material using heat-curable adhering material and catalyzed foamable exothermic material between the tile and the ductile backing material, wherein heat generated from the use of the catalyzed foamable exothermic material cures the heat-curable adhering material. In some embodiments, the adhering material is resin.

In yet another aspect of the present invention, a tile is provided. The tile comprises a plurality of nano-particles bonded together. The plurality of nano particles comprises a plurality of ceramic nano-particles, and the nano-structure of the nano-particles is present in the tile.

In some embodiments, the plurality of ceramic nano-particles comprises boron carbide nano-particles.

In some embodiments, the plurality of nano-particles comprises a plurality of metallic nano-particles. In some embodiments, the plurality of metallic nano-particles comprises at least one of copper, tantalum, titanium, molybdenum, and aluminum nano-particles.

In yet another aspect of the present invention, a composite material is provided. The composite material comprises a tile and a ductile backing material. The tile comprises a plurality of nano-particles bonded together. The plurality of nano-particles comprises a plurality of ceramic nano-particles, and the nano-structure of the nano-particles is present in the tile. The ductile backing material is bonded to the tile.

In some embodiments, the plurality of ceramic nano-particles comprises boron carbide nano-particles.

In some embodiments, the plurality of nano-particles comprises a plurality of metallic nano-particles. In some embodiments, the plurality of metallic nano-particles comprises at least one of copper, tantalum, titanium, molybdenum, and aluminum nano-particles.

In some embodiments, the ductile backing material comprises a plurality of fibers. In some embodiments, the ductile backing material comprises a plurality of polyethylene fibers.

In some embodiments, the composite material further comprises an adhering material disposed between the tile and the ductile backing material, wherein the adhering material bonds the tile and the ductile backing material together. In some embodiments, the adhering material is resin.

In some embodiments, the composite material further comprises a cured adhering material and a foam material disposed between the tile and the ductile backing material, wherein the cured adhering material and the foam material bond the tile and the ductile backing material together.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a flowchart illustrating one embodiment of a method of making a tile and a composite material in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

FIG. 2 illustrates one embodiment of a particle production system in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

FIG. 3 illustrates another embodiment of a particle production system in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

FIG. 4 illustrates one embodiment of a tile in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

FIG. 5A illustrates one embodiment of a tile and a ductile backing material before insertion of catalyzed foamable exothermic material within the interior volume between them.

FIG. 5B illustrates one embodiment of a tile and a ductile backing material after insertion of catalyzed foamable exothermic material within the interior volume between them in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The following description is presented to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to make and use the invention and is provided in the context of a patent application and its requirements. Various modifications to the described embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art and the generic principles herein may be applied to other embodiments. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiment shown but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features described herein.

This disclosure refers to both particles and powders. These two terms are equivalent, except for the caveat that a singular “powder” refers to a collection of particles. The present invention may apply to a wide variety of powders and particles. Powders that fall within the scope of the present invention may include, but are not limited to, any of the following: (a) nano-structured powders (nano-powders), having an average grain size less than 250 nanometers and an aspect ratio between one and one million; (b) submicron powders, having an average grain size less than 1 micron and an aspect ratio between one and one million; (c) ultra-fine powders, having an average grain size less than 100 microns and an aspect ratio between one and one million; and (d) fine powders, having an average grain size less than 500 microns and an aspect ratio between one and one million.

FIG. 1 is a flowchart illustrating one embodiment of a method 100 of making a composite material in accordance with the principles of the present invention. As mentioned above, in some embodiments, the method of the present invention is used in forming body armor. However, it is contemplated that it has a variety of other applications as well, all of which are within the scope of the present invention.

At step 110, a plurality of nano-particles are provided. In a preferred embodiment, the nano-particles include ceramic nano-particles. For example, the plurality of nano-particles can include boron carbide nano-particles. In some embodiments, the plurality of nano-particles also includes metallic nano-particles in addition to the ceramic nano-particles. Such metallic nano-particles include, but are not limited to, copper, tantalum, titanium, molybdenum, and aluminum. It is contemplated that other types of particles can be used as well.

It is contemplated that the nano-scale structure of the particles can be achieved in a variety of ways. In a preferred embodiment, a plurality of precursor particles are vaporized in the hottest region of a plasma gun. The vaporized particles are then subjected to rapid quenching, causing them to condense. As a result of this vaporization and condensation, nano-sized particles are formed.

Examples of particle production systems employing plasma reactors to produce nano-sized particles are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/151,935, filed on May 8, 2008 and entitled, “HIGHLY TURBULENT QUENCH CHAMBER”, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference as if set forth herein. One such particle production system 200 is presented in FIG. 2. The system 200 comprises a precursor supply device 210 and a working gas supply device 220 both fluidly coupled to a plasma production chamber 230 having an energy delivery zone 235 formed therein. The plasma production chamber 230 is fluidly coupled with an injection port 240 of a constricting quench chamber 245, thereby allowing the energy delivery zone 235 to fluidly communicate with the quench chamber 245. One or more ports 290 also allow fluid communication of the quench chamber 245 with a controlled atmosphere system 270 (indicated by the dotted lines). The quench chamber 245 is also fluidly coupled with an ejection port 265.

Generally, the plasma production chamber 230 operates as a reactor, producing an output comprising particles within a gas stream. Particle production includes the steps of combination, reaction, and conditioning. Working gas is supplied from a gas source to a plasma reactor. Within the plasma reactor, energy is delivered to the working gas, thereby creating a plasma. A variety of different means can be employed to deliver this energy, including, but not limited to, DC coupling, capacitive coupling, inductive coupling, and resonant coupling. One or more material dispensing devices introduce at least one material, preferably in powder form, into the plasma reactor. The combination within the plasma reactor of the plasma and the material(s) introduced by the material dispensing device(s) forms a highly reactive and energetic mixture, wherein the powder can be vaporized. This mixture of vaporized powder moves through the plasma reactor in the flow direction of the working gas. As it moves, the mixture cools and particles are formed therein. The still-energetic output mixture, comprising hot gas and energetic particles, is emitted from the plasma reactor.

In an exemplary embodiment, the plasma production chamber 230 combines precursor material (preferably in powder form) supplied from the precursor supply device 210 and working gas supplied from the working gas supply device 220 within the energy delivery zone 235, where the working gas is energized to form a plasma. The plasma is applied to the precursor material within the energy delivery zone 235 to form an energized, reactive mixture. This mixture comprises one or more materials in at least one of a plurality of phases, which may include vapor, gas, and plasma.

The reactive mixture flows from the energy delivery zone 235 into the constricting quench chamber 245 through the injection port 240. As the hot mixture moves from the energy delivery zone 235, it expands rapidly within the quench chamber 245 and cools. While the mixture flows into the quench chamber 245, the ports 290 supply conditioning fluid along the inner surfaces of the quench chamber 245. The conditioning fluid combines, at least to some extent, with the mixture, and flows from the quench chamber 245 through the ejection port 265.

During a period immediately after entering the quench chamber 245, particle formation occurs. Furthermore, the supply of conditioning fluid along the inner surfaces of the quench chamber 245 works to condition the reactive mixture, to maintain entrainment of the particles therein, and to prevent the depositing of material on the inner surfaces of the quench chamber 245.

Still referring to FIG. 2, the structure of the quench chamber 245 can be formed of relatively thin walled components capable of dissipating substantial heat. For example, the thin-walled components can conduct heat from inside the chamber and radiate the heat to the ambient. The quench chamber 245 comprises a substantially cylindrical surface 250, a cone-like (frusto-conical) surface 255, and an annular surface 260 connecting the injection port 240 with the cylindrical surface 250. The cylindrical surface 250, having a large diameter relative to the size of the injection port 240, provides accommodation for the expansion of the reactive mixture that occurs after the mixture flows into the quench chamber 245. The cone-like surface 255 extends from the cylindrical surface 250, away from the injection port 240 and towards the ejection port 265. The cone-like surface 255 is sufficiently smoothly varying so as to not unduly compress fluid flowing from through the quench chamber 245 to the ejection port 265.

Substantial heat is emitted, mostly in the form of radiation, from the mixture following its entry into the quench chamber 245. The quench chamber 245 is preferably designed to dissipate this heat efficiently. For example, the surfaces of the quench chamber 245 are preferably exposed to a cooling apparatus (not shown).

Still referring to FIG. 2, the controlled atmosphere system 270 preferably comprises a chamber 285 into which conditioning fluid is introduced from a reservoir 275 through a conduit 280. The conditioning fluid preferably comprises argon. However, other inert, relatively heavy gases are equally preferred. Furthermore, the preferable mechanism of providing the conditioning fluid into the quench chamber 245 is the formation of a pressure differential between the quench chamber 245 and the outlet 265. Such pressure differential will draw the conditioning fluid into the quench chamber 245 through the ports 290. Other less preferred methods of providing the conditioning fluid include, but are not limited to, forming positive pressure within the chamber 285.

The frusto-conical shape of the quench chamber 245 can provide a modest amount of turbulence within the quench region, thereby promoting the mixing of the conditioning fluid with the reactive mixture, and increasing the quenching rate beyond prior art systems. However, in some situations, an even greater increase in quenching rate may be desired. Such an increase in quenching rate can be achieved by creating a highly turbulent flow within a region of a quench chamber where the conditioning fluid is mixed with the reactive mixture.

FIG. 3 illustrates a particle production system 300 with a highly turbulent quench chamber 345. The system 300 comprises a precursor supply device 310 a working gas supply device 320 fluidly coupled to a plasma production and reaction chamber 330, similar to plasma production chamber 230 discussed above with reference to FIG. 2. An energy delivery system 325 is also coupled with the plasma production and reactor chamber 330. The plasma production and reactor chamber 330 includes an injection port 340 that communicates fluidly with the constricting quench chamber 345. One or more ports 390 can also allow fluid communication between the quench chamber 345 and a controlled atmosphere system 370, similar to controlled atmosphere system 270 in FIG. 2. The quench chamber 345 is also fluidly coupled to an outlet 365.

Generally, the chamber 330 operates as a reactor, similar to chamber 230 in FIG. 2, producing an output comprising particles within a gas stream. Production includes the basic steps of combination, reaction, and conditioning as described later herein. The system combines precursor material supplied from the precursor supply device 310 and working gas supplied from the working gas supply device 320 within the energy delivery zone of the chamber 330. The system energizes the working gas in the chamber 330 using energy from the energy supply system 390, thereby forming a plasma. The plasma is applied to the precursor material within the chamber 330 to form an energized, reactive mixture. This mixture comprises one or more materials in at least one of a plurality of phases, which may include vapor, gas, and plasma. The reactive mixture flows from the plasma production and reactor chamber 330 into the quench chamber 345 through an injection port 340.

The quench chamber 345 preferably comprises a substantially cylindrical surface 350, a frusto-conical surface 355, and an annular surface 360 connecting the injection port 340 with the cylindrical surface 350. The frusto-conical surface 360 narrows to meet the outlet 365. The plasma production and reactor chamber 330 includes an extended portion at the end of which the injection port 340 is disposed. This extended portion shortens the distance between the injection port 340 and the outlet 365, reducing the volume of region in which the reactive mixture and the conditioning fluid will mix, referred to as the quench region. In a preferred embodiment, the injection port 340 is arranged coaxially with the outlet 365. The center of the injection port is positioned a first distance d₁ from the outlet 365. The perimeter of the injection port is positioned a second distance d₂ from a portion of the frusto-conical surface 355. The injection port 340 and the frusto-conical surface 355 form the aforementioned quench region therebetween. The space between the perimeter of the injection port 340 and the frusto-conical surface 355 forms a gap therebetween that acts as a channel for supplying conditioning fluid into the quench region. The frusto-conical surface 355 acts as a funneling surface, channeling fluid through the gap and into the quench region.

While the reactive mixture flows into the quench chamber 345, the ports 390 supply conditioning fluid into the quench chamber 345. The conditioning fluid then moves along the frusto-conical surface 355, through the gap between the injection port 340 and the frusto-conical surface 355, and into the quench region. In some embodiments, the controlled atmosphere system 370 is configured to control the volume flow rate or mass flow rate of the conditioning fluid supplied to the quench region.

As the reactive mixture moves out of the injection port 340, it expands and mixes with the conditioning fluid. Preferably, the angle at which the conditioning fluid is supplied produces a high degree of turbulence and promotes mixing with the reactive mixture. This turbulence can depend on many parameters. In a preferred embodiment, one or more of these parameters is adjustable to control the level of turbulence. These factors include the flow rates of the conditioning fluid, the temperature of the frusto-conical surface 355, the angle of the frusto-conical surface 355 (which affects the angle at which the conditioning fluid is supplied into the quench region), and the size of the quench region. For example, the relative positioning of the frusto-conical surface 355 and the injection port 340 is adjustable, which can be used to adjust the volume of quench region. These adjustments can be made in a variety of different ways, using a variety of different mechanisms, including, but not limited to, automated means and manual means.

During a brief period immediately after entering the quench chamber 345, particle formation occurs. The degree to which the particles agglomerate depends on the rate of cooling. The cooling rate depends on the turbulence of the flow within the quench region. Preferably, the system is adjusted to form a highly turbulent flow, and to form very dispersed particles. For example, in preferred embodiments, the turbidity of the flow within the quench region is such that the flow has a Reynolds Number of at least 1000.

Still referring to FIG. 3, the structure of the quench chamber 345 is preferably formed of relatively thin walled components capable of dissipating substantial quantities of heat. For example, the thin-walled components can conduct heat from inside the chamber and radiate the heat to the ambient.

Substantial heat is emitted, mostly in the form of radiation, from the reactive mixture following its entry into the quench chamber 345. The quench chamber 345 is designed to dissipate this heat efficiently. The surfaces of the quench chamber 345 are preferably exposed to a cooling system (not shown). In a preferred embodiment, the cooling system is configured to control a temperature of the frusto-conical surface 355.

Following injection into the quench region, cooling, and particle formation, the mixture flows from the quench chamber 345 through the outlet port 365. Suction generated by a generator 395 moves the mixture and conditioning fluid from the quench region into the conduit 392. From the outlet port 365, the mixture flows along the conduit 392, toward the suction generator 395. Preferably, the particles are removed from the mixture by a collection or sampling system (not shown) prior to encountering the suction generator 395.

Still referring to FIG. 3, the controlled atmosphere system 370 comprises a chamber 385, fluidly coupled to the quench region through port(s) 390, into which conditioning fluid is introduced from a reservoir, such as reservoir 275 from FIG. 2, through a conduit 380. As described above, the conditioning fluid preferably comprises argon. However, other inert, relatively heavy gases are equally preferred. Also, as discussed above, the preferable mechanism of providing the conditioning fluid into the quench chamber 345 is the formation of a pressure differential between the quench chamber 345 and the outlet 365. Such pressure differential will draw the conditioning fluid into the quench chamber 345 through the ports 390. Other methods of providing the conditioning fluid include, but are not limited to, forming positive pressure within the chamber 385.

The angle of the frusto-conical surface affects the angle at which the conditioning fluid is supplied into the quench region, which can affect the level of turbulence in the quench region. The conditioning fluid preferably flows into the quench region along a plurality of momentum vectors. The greater the degree of the angle between the momentum vectors, the higher the level of turbulence that will be produced. In a preferred embodiment, the high turbulent quench chamber comprises a frusto-conical surface that is configured to funnel at least two conditioning fluid momentum vectors into the quench region such that there is at least a 90 degree angle between the two momentum vectors. It is contemplated that other angle degree thresholds may be applied as well. For example, attention may also be paid to the angle formed between at least one of the conditioning fluid momentum vectors and the momentum vector of the reactive mixture. In one embodiment of a highly turbulent quench chamber, a reactive mixture inlet is configured to supply the reactive mixture into the quench region along a first momentum vector, the frusto-conical surface is configured to supply the conditioning fluid to the quench region along a second momentum vector, and the second momentum vector has an oblique angle greater than 20 degrees relative to the first momentum vector.

The size of the quench region also affects the level of turbulence in the quench region. The smaller the quench region, the higher the level of turbulence that will be produced. The size of the quench region can be reduced by reducing the distance between the center of the injection port 340 and the outlet 365.

The high turbulence produced by the embodiments of the present invention decreases the period during which particles formed can agglomerate with one another, thereby producing particles of more uniform size, and in some instances, producing smaller-sized particles. Both of these features lead to particles with increased dispersibility and increased ratio of surface area to volume.

Referring back to the method 100 in FIG. 1, particle production system 200 or 300 (or variations thereof) can be used to provide the plurality of particles in nano-scale form. For example, these particles can be introduced as micron-sized precursor material into the particle production system, where they are vaporized and then condensed to form nano-size particles. In some embodiments, the different types of particles (e.g., ceramic and metallic) are formed and provided separately from one another, thereby avoiding any premature interaction (e.g., bonding) between them. Such separation can be achieved in a variety of ways, including, but not limited to, using different particle production systems for both groups, or by using the same particle production system for both groups at different times. However, in some embodiments, different types of particles are nanosized together, using the same particle production system at the same time.

At step 120, a spark plasma sintering (SPS) process is performed on the plurality of nano-particles in order to form a tile is from the plurality of nano-particles. Maintaining the nano-scale properties of the particles during formation so that they are present in the formed tile may be difficult. For example, performing a standard sintering process on a plurality of nano-particles will typically result in an undesirable amount of melting of the nano-particles due to the high-temperature of the standard sintering process, thereby leading to nano-particles uniting with nearby nano-particles to a degree that they form particles that are larger than nano-particles. Therefore, in order to maintain the nano-scale properties of the particles within the formed tile, the present invention employs spark plasma sintering (also known as field assisted sintering technique) on the plurality of nano-particles in order to form the tile. Spark plasma sintering uses axial pressure and elevated temperature that are generated by a current flow. The energy released by the current raises the temperature in the graphite dies enclosing the powder and within powders that have some electrical conductivity. The heat is generated internally, in contrast to conventional hot pressing, where the heat is provided by external heating elements. The spark plasma sintering process is very fast, thereby ensuring it has the potential of densifying powders with nanosize or nanostructure, while avoiding coarsening which accompanies standard densification routes. Spark plasma sintering provides significant advantages by lowering the required sintering temperature and shortening its duration.

FIG. 4 illustrates one embodiment of a tile 410 formed from the spark plasma sintering of nano-particles. The tile 410 comprises the ceramic nano-particles 420, which have maintained their nano-structure. In some embodiments, the tile 410 also comprises the metallic nano-particles 430 if desired. The ceramic nano-particles 420 and the metallic nano-particles 430 maintain their nano-structure so that the nano-structure of these nano-particles is present in the formed tile 410.

At step 130, the tile is bonded to a ductile backing material. In some embodiments, the tile is bonded to the ductile backing material using heat-curable adhering material and catalyzed foamable exothermic material between the tile and the ductile backing material. Such a bonding process is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,117,376 to Merkel, entitled “Method of Making Foam-Filled Composite Products,” the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference as if set forth herein. Merkel discloses a method for making foam-filled parts having fiber-reinforced skins or surfaces. Mold halves of pressure-resisting thermally insulative material are covered with a release material, which is then covered with the fiber skins. The fiber skins are coated with heat-curable resin, and the mold halves are then clamped together to form a cavity. A catalyzed foam-forming mixture is poured into the cavity. The mixture foams and expands to the full volume of the cavity. While the mixture hardens, it generates heat sufficient to cure the resin.

In some embodiments, the concave inner surfaces of the mold halves are covered with a commercial Teflon™ sheet having an adhesive backing. This material adheres to the mold face through numerous replications of parts and freely releases from polymers that are cured in direct contact with its surface. This approach also has the advantage of avoiding contamination of the resin surface with the release agent, such as wax-based materials. Dry (i.e., unimpregnated) fiber-reinforced skin material is laid in to cover the inner surfaces of the mold halves. The fiber skins can be in loosely woven sheet or strip form, having sufficient cross weave fibers to permit easy handling without separating. The fibers are then thoroughly wetted or impregnated in place with an uncured resin, such as an epoxy resin from West, sold as system resin with 205 or 206 hardener. The hardener is a thermally activated catalyst that requires a long term curing at ambient temperature, although it acts quickly above a threshold, so that it remains wet until the proper time in the ensuing process. The resin system causes the fiber reinforcement to adhere tightly to the inner surfaces of the mold halves, despite the Teflon™ covering. With the two mold halves prepared in this manner, they can be placed together. With side flanges being in intimate contact, an interior cavity is defined between the concave inner surfaces of the mold halves, and C-clamps are then placed about the periphery of the flanges and tightened. The clamped mold halves thus form what may be regarded as a pressure vessel. In addition, a malleable seal is placed across one end of the mold cavity.

When the two mold halves are clamped together in opposition, the C-clamps are tightened sufficiently on the flanges to prevent leakage of foam material out the sides. The mold cavity is thus sealed on three sides, and can be placed in a substantially vertical position so that a premixed foamable liquid can be poured in immediately after preparation. This mix may be of the type such as Polytech 20/08-, and will include the proper amount of catalyst for the volume of resin and the cavity. This material expands to about 40 times its original volume. The foamable liquid mix rapidly begins to expand and build up interior pressure within the mold cavity after being poured. The reaction is strongly exothermic, and heats the foam to in excess of 300 degrees F. as it expands under significant local pressure everywhere in the mold cavity. The heat is conducted into the skin layers throughout. A property of this mixture, however, is that the expansion is self-limiting, in that while significant pressure is generated during expansion, total expansion is limited by the rapid hardening characteristic of the material. Consequently, while the predetermined volume of mix is such that material foams out of the top of the mold cavity, and may even leak through the malleable seal to a limited extent, the interior of the mold cavity is uniformly pressurized and there are no voids. The heat generated by the exotherm raises the temperature of the wet resin matrix at the skin above the curing level. A high temperature level is also maintained for many more minutes by the insulative characteristic of the mold halves. The close physical, pressurized contact between the foam and the skin resin system not only cures the skins into true fiber-reinforced composites, but assures chemical adherence at the interface between the foam and the skin on all surfaces. Typically, after one to two hours, the C-clamps are released and the mold halves are readily separated from the formed composite.

While any of the features of U.S. Pat. No. 6,117,376 to Merkel can be used in the bonding process of the present invention, it is contemplated that certain modifications can be made in order to bond an inorganic tile to a ductile backing material, which is not disclosed in Merkel. For example, in some embodiments, fiber skins may be required on only one of the mold halves or on one side of the composite (e.g., acting as the ductile backing material). Additionally, in some embodiments, the resin (or other heat curable adhering material) may be required on only one of the mold halves or on one side of the composite. Furthermore, in some embodiments, separable mold halves may not be required. In some embodiments, all that is required is that an interior volume between the tile and the ductile backing material be sealed to a degree sufficient to allow the catalyzed foamable exothermic material to expand and build up interior pressure within the interior volume, thereby creating physical pressurized contact between the catalyzed foamable exothermic material and the heat-curable adhering material of each of the tile and the ductile backing material. Other modifications are within the scope of the present invention as well.

FIG. 5A illustrates one embodiment 500 of a tile 510 and a ductile backing material 520 before insertion of catalyzed foamable exothermic material within the interior volume 530 between them. The tile 510 is formed from nano-particles (similar to tile 410 in FIG. 4). The nano-particles include ceramic nano-particles (for example, boron carbide nano-particles). In some embodiments, the nano-particles also include metallic nano-particles. Such metallic nano-particles can include, but are not limited to, copper, tantalum, titanium, molybdenum, and aluminum nano-particles. In some embodiments, the ductile backing material 520 is formed from organic material. In some embodiments, the ductile backing material 520 is formed from a plurality of fibers. In some embodiments, the ductile backing material 520 is formed from a plurality of polyethylene fibers. In some embodiments, the ductile backing material 520 is Dyneema® or Kevlar®.

The interior surface of the tile 510 is wetted with a heat-curable adhering material 515. The interior surface of the ductile backing material 520 is also wetted with a heat-curable adhering material 525. In some embodiments, heat-curable adhering material 515 and heat-curable adhering material 525 are the same material. In some embodiments, the adhering material is resin.

An interior volume 530 is formed between the tile 510 and the ductile backing material 520, with the interior surface of the tile 510 and the interior surface of the ductile backing material 520 facing one another. The interior surface of the tile 510 and the interior surface of the ductile backing material 520 each form a boundary of the interior volume 530. The tile 510 and the ductile backing material 520 can be secured in this position using mold halves and/or clamps, and/or other securing and sealing means. For the purposes of this disclosure, the interior volume 530 does not extend into any area that is not disposed between the tile 510 and the ductile backing material 520.

A catalyzed foamable exothermic material, such as that used in U.S. Pat. No. 6,117,376 to Merkel, is inserted into the interior volume after wetting the interior surfaces of the tile 510 and the ductile backing material 520 with the heat-curable adhering material. An amount of catalyzed foamable exothermic material is used that is sufficient to fill (in some cases, overfill) the entire interior volume when foamed and form a solid foam body between the tile 510 and the ductile backing material 520. The exotherm from the foaming is allowed to activate and cure the heat-curable adhering material 515, 525 for a time sufficient to unite the solid foam body to the heat-curable adhering material 515, 525 of the tile 510 and the ductile backing material 520.

FIG. 5B illustrates one embodiment 500′ of the tile 510 and the ductile backing material 520 after insertion of catalyzed foamable exothermic material within the interior volume between them in accordance with the principles of the present invention. The catalyzed foamable exothermic material has expanded to form a solid foam body 535 that fills the entire interior volume 530. The heat-curable adhering material 515 and 525 has been cured by the exotherm from the foaming to form cured adhering material 515′ and 525′.

The use of the catalyzed foamable exothermic material and heat-curable adhering material provides a significant advantage over the use of an autoclave, which is the standard way of bonding a meltable plate to a hard plate. An autoclave process is too hot, resulting in the loss of the nanoscale properties of the tile 510. Typically, the maximum temperature of the bonding process is half the melting point temperature of the particles of the tile 510. However, when the tile 510 is formed from nano-particles, the maximum temperature of the bonding process is preferably one-quarter of the melting point temperature of the particles of the tile 510. Using the exotherm from the foamable material instead of the heat from an autoclave allows the temperature of the bonding process to be sufficiently minimized and the tile 510 to retain its nano-properties.

It is noted that while FIGS. 5A-B show certain shapes and sizes of the components, other shapes and sizes (as well as other configurations) are also within the scope of the present invention. For example, the tile 510, ductile backing material 520, and the interior volume 530 are shown as having substantially rectangular features. However, it is contemplated that these components can be shaped in other ways, such as with curves. Additionally, although the tile 510 and the ductile backing material 520 are shown having substantially the same thickness, it is contemplated that one can be substantially thicker than the other. Furthermore, the heat-curable adhering material 525 may extend into the ductile backing material 520. For example, in an embodiment where the ductile backing material 520 comprises fibers, the fibers may be held together and/or in position by the heat-curable adhering material.

The present invention has been described in terms of specific embodiments incorporating details to facilitate the understanding of principles of construction and operation of the invention. Such reference herein to specific embodiments and details thereof is not intended to limit the scope of the claims appended hereto. It will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art that other various modifications may be made in the embodiment chosen for illustration without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the claims. 

1. A method of making a tile, the method comprising: providing a plurality of nano-particles, wherein the plurality of nano-particles comprises a plurality of ceramic nano-particles; and performing a spark plasma sintering (SPS) process on the plurality of nano-particles, thereby forming a tile comprising the plurality of nano-particles, wherein the nano-structure of the nano-particles is present in the formed tile.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of ceramic nano-particles comprises boron carbide nano-particles.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of nano-particles comprises a plurality of metallic nano-particles.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the plurality of metallic nano-particles comprises at least one of copper, tantalum, titanium, molybdenum, and aluminum nano-particles.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of providing the plurality of nano-particles comprises: applying a plasma stream to a precursor powder, thereby vaporizing the precursor powder; and condensing the vaporized powder, thereby forming the plurality of nano-particles.
 6. A method of making a composite material, the method comprising: providing a plurality of nano-particles, wherein the plurality of nano-particles comprises a plurality of ceramic nano-particles; and performing a spark plasma sintering (SPS) process on the plurality of nano-particles, thereby forming a tile comprising the plurality of nano-particles, wherein the nano-structure of the nano-particles is present in the formed tile; and bonding the tile to a ductile backing material.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the plurality of ceramic nano-particles comprises boron carbide nano-particles.
 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the plurality of nano-particles comprises a plurality of metallic nano-particles.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the plurality of metallic nano-particles comprises at least one of copper, tantalum, titanium, molybdenum, and aluminum nano-particles.
 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the step of providing the plurality of nano-particles comprises: applying a plasma stream to a precursor powder, thereby vaporizing the precursor powder; and condensing the vaporized powder, thereby forming the plurality of nano-particles.
 11. The method of claim 6, wherein the ductile backing material comprises a plurality of fibers.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the ductile backing material comprises a plurality of polyethylene fibers.
 13. The method of claim 6, wherein the tile is bonded to the ductile backing material using an autoclave process.
 14. The method of claim 6, wherein the tile is bonded to the ductile backing material using heat-curable adhering material and catalyzed foamable exothermic material between the tile and the ductile backing material, wherein heat generated from the use of the catalyzed foamable exothermic material cures the heat-curable adhering material.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the adhering material is resin.
 16. A tile comprising: a sintered plurality of ceramic nano-particles, wherein the plurality of nano-particles maintain their nano-scale properties in the sintered plurality of nano-particles, and the ceramic nano-particles have an average grain size less than 250 nanometers.
 17. The tile of claim 16, wherein the ceramic nano-particles comprise boron carbide.
 18. The tile of claim 16, wherein the plurality of nano-particles further comprise a metallic material.
 19. The tile of claim 18, wherein the metallic material comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of copper, tantalum, titanium, molybdenum, and aluminum.
 20. A material comprising: a tile comprising a spark plasma sintered plurality of ceramic nano-particles, wherein the plurality of nano-particles maintain their nano-scale properties in the spark plasma sintered plurality of nano-particles, and the ceramic nano-particles have an average grain size less than 250 nanometers.
 21. The material of claim 20, wherein the ceramic nano-particles comprise boron carbide.
 22. The material of claim 20, wherein the plurality of nano-particles further comprise a metallic material.
 23. The material of claim 22, wherein the metallic material comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of copper, tantalum, titanium, molybdenum, and aluminum.
 24. The material of claim 20, further comprising a ductile backing material bonded to the tile. 25-28. (canceled)
 29. The tile of claim 16, wherein the ceramic nano-particles are created by vaporizing a ceramic powder with a plasma gun and condensing the vaporized ceramic powder.
 30. The tile of claim 29, wherein the vaporized ceramic powder is condensed by a highly turbulent quench chamber.
 31. The tile of claim 30, wherein the highly turbulent quench chamber has a Reynolds Number of at least
 1000. 32. The tile of claim 16, wherein the tile is formed by spark plasma sintering the plurality of ceramic nano-particles.
 33. The material of claim 20, wherein the ceramic nano-particles are created by vaporizing a ceramic powder with a plasma gun and condensing the vaporized ceramic powder.
 34. The material of claim 33, wherein the vaporized ceramic powder is condensed by a highly turbulent quench chamber.
 35. The material of claim 34, wherein the highly turbulent quench chamber has a Reynolds Number of at least
 1000. 